Latest breaking news, including politics, crime and celebrity. Find stories, updates and expert opinion. September 1. 1 attacks Wikipedia91. For the date September 1. September 1. 1. For the date November 9, see November 9. For the emergency number, see 9 1 1. September 1. 1 attacks. Part of terrorism in the United States. Location. Date. September 1. EDTTarget. Attack type. The Real Roots Of Arab Anti-Americanism Pdf' title='The Real Roots Of Arab Anti-Americanism Pdf' />Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get. In deep antiquity, particularly in Egypt, the early civilization where the arts were most strongly developed, the visualization was aspective that is the artist. Invitation-d%27un-marriage-arab.jpg' alt='The Real Roots Of Arab Anti-Americanism Pdf' title='The Real Roots Of Arab Anti-Americanism Pdf' />Jewish Political Studies Review 1712 Spring 2005 The Deep Roots of AntiSemitism in European Society 1. Manfred Gerstenfeld The resurgence of European anti. American nationalism or United States nationalism is a form of nationalism found in the United States. Essentially, it indicates the aspects that characterizes and. Купить умное кольцо Smart Ring. Узнай что такое умное кольцо и на что оно способно. Отправь. The origins of alQaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen. Deaths. 2,9. 96  2,9. Non fatal injuries. Perpetrators. 19. The September 1. 1 attacks also referred to as 91. Islamic terrorist group al Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 1. The attacks killed 2,9. Four passenger airliners operated by two major U. S. passenger air carriers United Airlines and American Airlines all of which departed from airports in the northeastern United States bound for California were hijacked by 1. Qaeda terrorists. Two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 1. United Airlines Flight 1. North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. Within an hour and 4. World Trade Center complex, including the 4. World Trade Center tower, as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 7. Pentagon the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense in Arlington County, Virginia, leading to a partial collapse of the buildings western side. The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 9. Washington, D. C., but crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after its passengers tried to overcome the hijackers. United States, with 3. Suspicion quickly fell on al Qaeda. The United States responded by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, which had harbored al Qaeda. Many countries strengthened their anti terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Powerdirector 8 Ultra Keygen. Although al Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, in 2. Al Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. After evading capture for almost a decade, Osama bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2. The destruction of the World Trade Center and nearby infrastructure caused serious damage to the economy of Lower Manhattan and had a significant effect on global markets, resulting in the closing of Wall Street until September 1. U. S. and Canada until September 1. Many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2. Pentagon was repaired within a year. On November 1. 8, 2. One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was officially opened on November 3, 2. Numerous memorials have been constructed, including the National September 1. Memorial Museum in New York City, the Pentagon Memorial in Arlington County, Virginia, and the Flight 9. National Memorial in a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Background. Al Qaeda. The origins of al Qaeda can be traced to 1. Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical. In 1. Laden issued his first fatw, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. In a second fatw in 1. Laden outlined his objections to American foreign policy with respect to Israel, as well as the continued presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia after the Gulf War. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed. Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Osama bin Laden. 1. Osama bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement. Al Jazeera broadcast a statement by bin Laden on September 1. I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation. In November 2. 00. U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al Harbi and admits foreknowledge of the attacks. On December 2. 7, 2. Laden video was released. In the video, he said It has become clear that the West in general and America in particular have an unspeakable hatred for Islam. It is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, which kills our people. We say that the end of the United States is imminent, whether Bin Laden or his followers are alive or dead, for the awakening of the Muslim umma nation has occurredbut he stopped short of admitting responsibility for the attacks. The transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. Shortly before the U. S. presidential election in 2. Laden publicly acknowledged al Qaedas involvement in the attacks on the U. S. and admitted his direct link to the attacks. He said that the attacks were carried out because we are free . As you undermine our security, we undermine yours. Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Another video obtained by Al Jazeera in September 2. Laden with Ramzi bin al Shibh, as well as two hijackers, Hamza al Ghamdi and Wail al Shehri, as they make preparations for the attacks. The U. S. never formally indicted bin Laden for the 91. FBIs Most Wanted List for the bombings of the U. S. Embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya. After a 1. 0 year manhunt, bin Laden was killed by American special forces in a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan on May 2, 2. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed after his capture in 2. The journalist Yosri Fouda of the Arabic television channel Al Jazeera reported that, in April 2. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed admitted his involvement, along with Ramzi bin al Shibh. The 91. 1 Commission Report determined that the animosity towards the United States felt by Mohammed, the principal architect of the 91. U. S. foreign policy favoring Israel. Mohammed was also an adviser and financier of the 1. World Trade Center bombing and the uncle of Ramzi Yousef, the lead bomber in that attack. Mohammed was arrested on March 1, 2. Rawalpindi, Pakistan, by Pakistani security officials working with the CIA. He was then held at multiple CIA secret prisons and Guantanamo Bay where he was interrogated and tortured with methods including waterboarding. During U. S. hearings at Guantanamo Bay in March 2. Mohammed again confessed his responsibility for the attacks, stating he was responsible for the 91. A to Z and that his statement was not made under duress. Other al Qaeda members. In Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed from the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui, five people are identified as having been completely aware of the operations details. They are bin Laden, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al Shibh, Abu Turab al Urduni, and Mohammed Atef. To date, only peripheral figures have been tried or convicted for the attacks. On September 2. 6, 2. Spanish high court sentenced Abu Dahdah to 2. The Torture Report Investigating the Bush Administrations Rendition Detention Interrogation Program. In reading your latest post about the mystery document, I recognized many of the quotes, and wanted to share the sources with you and our readers. Describe how each technique is consistent with traditional executive behavior, contemporary practice, and the standards of blame generally applied to them. This is a quote from the Supreme Court opinion, County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 5. 23 U. S. That judgment may be informed by a history of liberty protection, but it necessarily reflects an understanding of traditional executive behavior, of contemporary practice, and of the standards of blame generally applied to them. To what extent are the techniques designed to instill stress, hopelessness, and fear, and to break resistance. I believe that the source of this quote is a federal appellate opinion Cooper v. Dupnik, 9. 63 F. 2d 1. Cir. 1. 99. 2   In accord with the plan, the record amply demonstrates that Cooper was subjected to Barkmans interrogation techniques designed to instill stress, hopelessness, and fear, and to break his resistance. This case sets forth a standard for what it takes to overcome the qualified immunity standard in a civil rights lawsuit against government officials. The Supreme Court denied certiorari on this case. Here is the Lexis Nexis overview of Cooper v. Dupnik 3. Do any of the techniques cause severe mental distress or suffering This language paraphrases the Convention Against Torture, Article I torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession  The prohibition on torture in the CAT has been codified into U. S. criminal law in the U. S. War Crimes Act, which provides the following definition of torture an act specifically intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering other than pain or suffering incidental to lawful sanctions upon another person within his custody or physical control for the purpose of obtaining information or a confession 1. U. S. C.  2. 44. A 4. How close is each technique to the rack and screwThis is a quote from Rochin v. California, 3. 42 U. S. 1. 65, 1. 72 1. Supreme Court case which established the premise that evidence derived from outrageous government conduct could be excluded and convictions based on such evidence could be overturned. The full quote from Rochin   This is conduct that shocks the conscience. Illegally breaking into the privacy of the petitioner, the struggle to open his mouth and remove what was there, the forcible extraction of his stomachs contents this course of proceeding by agents of government to obtain evidence is bound to offend even hardened sensibilities. They are methods too close to the rack and the screw to permit of constitutional differentiation. Do the techniques offend hardened sensibilities Another quote from Rochin v. California, 3. 42 U. S. 1. 65, 1. 72 1. Do the techniques violate the whole community sense of decency and fairness that has been woven by common experience into the fabric of acceptable conduct This is a quote from another Supreme Court case, Breithhaupt v. Abram, 3. 52 U. S. Furthermore, due process is not measured by the yardstick of personal reaction or the sphygmogram of the most sensitive person, but by that whole community sense of decency and fairness that has been woven by common experience into the fabric of acceptable conduct. It is on this bedrock that this Court has established the concept of due process. A sphygmogram is a tracing made by a sphygmograph and consisting of a series of curves that correspond to the beats of the heart. Do the techniques violate the decencies of civilized conductAnother quote from Rochin v. California, 3. 42 U. S. 1. 65, 1. 73 1. It has long since ceased to be true that due process of law is heedless of the means by which otherwise relevant and credible evidence is obtained. This was not true even before the series of recent cases enforced the constitutional principle that the States may not base convictions upon confessions, however much verified, obtained by coercion. These decisions are not arbitrary exceptions to the comprehensive right of States to fashion their own rules of evidence for criminal trials. They are not sports in our constitutional law but applications of a general principle. They are only instances of the general requirement that States in their prosecutions respect certain decencies of civilized conduct. Due process of law, as a historic and generative principle, precludes defining, and thereby confining, these standards of conduct more precisely than to say that convictions cannot be brought about by methods that offend a sense of justice. Are the techniques so egregious, so outrageous, that they fairly may be said to shock the contemporary conscience This is a quote from another U. S. Supreme Court opinion, County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 5. 23 U. S. I n a due process challenge to executive action, the threshold question is whether the behavior of the governmental officer is so egregious, so outrageous, that it may fairly be said to shock the contemporary conscience. That judgment may be informed by a history of liberty protection, but it necessarily reflects an understanding of traditional executive behavior, of contemporary practice, and of the standards of blame generally applied to them. The County of Sacramento quote is a paraphrasing of Rochin v. California , This is conduct that shocks the conscience. What the series of questions in this mystery document suggests is that those reviewing the interrogation techniques were concerned that the use of the techniques could subject them to criminal charges for torture or civil lawsuits for damages, and could result in the exclusion of the evidence obtained andor dismissal of entire charges in subsequent criminal prosecutions of the persons being interrogated utilizing the proposed techniques on the basis of a due process violation. This questionnaire also shows the authors awareness that the Supreme Court would likely find that Constitutional due process standards would apply to detainees when ultimately tried, even in military commissions. This series of questions highlights the importance of the Presidents decision that the Geneva Conventions, even Common Article 3, did not apply to those captured in the war on terror. If these standards applied, then you wouldnt need all these questions, because you would only need to ask one question about any proposed interrogation technique Is it humane Common Article 3 requires that persons detained in an armed conflict shall in all circumstances be treated humanely. Is it humane is the one question you will never see in any of the Bush Administration memos.